What is gastroenteritis?
Gastroenteritis is inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract (stomach and intestines). It can be caused by infection (with bacteria, viruses, or parasites), medications, or even new foods. The condition often causes abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and other clinical signs.
What are the clinical signs of gastroenteritis?
Most dogs with gastroenteritis will have intermittent episodes of vomiting and diarrhea. The vomit may contain foamy, yellowish bile, especially after emptying the stomach. Many owners observe their dog gagging or dry heaving after eating or drinking. Large volumes of diarrhea will usually be produced several times a day. The diarrhea may have the consistency of soft-serve ice cream.
Many dogs will be tender when picked up around the abdomen or will resist handling of the stomach and hindquarters. Most dogs affected with gastroenteritis appear less active (lethargic) and have a decreased appetite. A low-grade fever is also common. Dehydration can occur quickly if the vomiting and diarrhea persist for more than 24 hours.
How is gastroenteritis diagnosed?
Gastroenteritis is a diagnosis of exclusion, which means that your veterinarian must eliminate other more serious causes of the clinical signs before making a general diagnosis of gastroenteritis. A good medical history is the first step toward determining what is causing your dog's vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, and associated clinical signs. Your veterinary health team may ask you to complete a questionnaire before your visit.
Important information in your dog's medical history includes:
- Your dog's current diet, how much you feed, and how often you feed
- Everything your dog ate or drank within the past 48 hours
- Any new foods, treats, or rewards
- Foreign bodies they could have ingested (e.g., toys, string, dental floss)
- Any recent exposure to pesticides, medications, cleaning agents, or any other new materials
- Any recent exposure to a new animal or person
- Any previous episodes of vomiting and diarrhea (including their cause and treatment)
- Any illness within the past month
- Any chronic illnesses your dog may have
- Any medications, vitamins, or supplements given within the past month
After your veterinarian obtains the medical history, they will perform a thorough physical examination. Your veterinarian will look for evidence of dehydration, abdominal pain, tenderness, bloating or gas, swellings, and any other physical abnormality. Your dog's temperature and other vital signs (heart and respiratory rates) will be recorded.
At this stage, your veterinarian may recommend diagnostic testing, including:
- Complete blood cell count (CBC): Indicates the presence of dehydration, anemia, and infection
- Serum chemistries and electrolytes: Detect organ system abnormalities and electrolyte imbalances caused by vomiting and diarrhea
- Urinalysis: Detects urinary tract infections, kidney disease, dehydration, and diabetes
- Abdominal radiographs (X-rays): Search for stomach or intestinal obstruction or other abnormalities
- Abdominal ultrasound: Searches for intestinal obstructions, certain cancers, or other abnormalities
Your veterinarian will choose which tests to run based on the severity and duration of your cat’s symptoms, their medical history, and the physical examination.
What are some of the causes of gastroenteritis?
There are many causes of vomiting and diarrhea in dogs. Some of the more common conditions that your veterinarian will attempt to rule out during the diagnostic workup include:
- Infections (bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic)
- Foreign bodies (especially string or thread) or other objects
- Intussusception (telescoping of the intestine into itself, causing an intestinal blockage)
- Tumors or cancers
- Poisoning or toxins (e.g., plants, cleaning agents)
- Endocrine disease (e.g., diabetes, hyperthyroidism)
- Pancreatic, liver, or kidney disease
This is only a partial list of more serious conditions that can cause vomiting and diarrhea in dogs. Your veterinarian may discuss other possibilities based on your dog's specific condition or history.
How is gastroenteritis treated?
Once the results of the diagnostic tests are known, and other causes of the clinical signs have been eliminated, your veterinarian will prescribe a treatment plan. The principal treatment of gastroenteritis consists of rehydration and restoring blood electrolyte balance (sodium, potassium, and chloride). Depending on your dog’s degree of dehydration, this fluid replacement may be given orally, subcutaneously (under the skin), or intravenously (in the vein).
Medical treatment may also include the following:
- Antibiotics (e.g., metronidazole, ampicillin) may be administered if the clinical signs are severe or if diagnostic tests suggest a bacterial infection.
- Antidiarrheal drugs may be used to change intestinal motility (activity) after intestinal obstruction or other mechanical and anatomical issues have been ruled out. Motility-modifying agents are generally not recommended if your dog is experiencing severe colitis.
- Anti-emetic or anti-vomiting medications, such as maropitant (Cerenia®) or metoclopramide (Reglan®) may be given to your dog.
- Gastrointestinal protectants such as famotidine (Pepcid®) or ranitidine (Zantac®) may be used to prevent stomach ulcers.
Food is often withheld for 12–24 hours during the initial stages of treatment and then slowly reintroduced. Small, frequent feedings of a highly digestible, low-fat diet may be prescribed. Your veterinarian will advise you on the best diet to feed your dog for a speedy recovery.
What is the prognosis for gastroenteritis?
Most cases of acute gastroenteritis improve rapidly after rehydration. Call your veterinarian if the vomiting and diarrhea do not improve significantly within 48 hours of treatment. Gastroenteritis is common in dogs. Early recognition and treatment are key to returning your dog to a normal, healthy state as quickly as possible.
