Immunotherapy: Oral and Injectable

What is immunotherapy?

Immunotherapy (oral and injectable) is a treatment that involves using a pet’s own immune system to fight health conditions, such as certain allergies or certain types of cancer. Immunotherapy uses the pet’s own immune system to identify and fight the abnormal cells that are causing the condition.

The goal of immunotherapy is to reduce symptoms. Immunotherapy medications are made specifically for the individual – each formulation is unique.

Its use may be off label (extra label), depending on the region and condition. Many drugs are commonly prescribed for off-label use in veterinary medicine. “Off label” means the drug is being used in a way that has not been reviewed or approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or Health Canada. In these instances, follow your veterinarian’s directions and cautions carefully, as they may be significantly different from those on the label.

How do I give my pet immunotherapy?

• Immunotherapy comes in injectable and oral forms.
• Injectable immunotherapy is usually given subcutaneously (under the skin), while oral immunotherapy is usually given sublingually (under the tongue).
• Give oral forms on an empty stomach and wait at least 5 minutes before offering food or water.
• For injectable forms, follow your veterinarian's recommendations on disposal of used sharps.
• Follow your veterinarian’s recommendations on frequency of administration.
• Only give immunotherapy to the pet it was designed for.

This medication will take effect quickly. 

What if I miss giving my pet the medication?

Follow your veterinarian’s recommendations on missed doses. Do not give the pet two doses at once. Immunotherapy is formulated specifically for each individual; give the medication to the designated animal only.

Are there any potential side effects?

Immunotherapy may cause the following side effects:

• Mild swelling at injection site
• Drooling, with oral forms

Serious adverse reactions may occur. If any of the following signs develop, stop giving immunotherapy and contact your veterinarian immediately:

• An allergic reaction such as irregular breathing, rash, fever, puffiness and swelling around the face

Drug sensitivities can develop over time with repeated exposure. It is important to watch for signs of an allergic reaction over the entire course of treatment and notify your veterinarian if you have any concerns.

Other side effects may occur. If you notice anything unusual, contact your veterinarian immediately. This medication is potentially long-acting, which means that effects may last several weeks.

Are there any risk factors for this medication?

DO NOT USE immunotherapy in:

• Pets with known allergies to any components
• Pets that it is not intended for

Are there any drug interactions I should be aware of?

Certain medications should be USED WITH CAUTION when given with immunotherapy, as they may reduce its effectiveness. These medications include:

• Antibiotics
• Proton-pump inhibitors (e.g., omeprazole)
• Steroids (e.g., prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone)

Be sure to tell your veterinarian about any medications (including vitamins, supplements, or herbal therapies) that your pet is taking before starting any new treatment.

Is any monitoring needed with this medication?

• Your veterinarian may prescribe 2 different medications, and a drug interaction may be anticipated. In this case, your veterinarian may vary the dose or monitor your pet more closely.
• Your veterinarian will let you know when and how they want to reassess your pet to ensure the medication is working and not causing side effects.
• At home, monitor for any side effects such as those noted above. If any occur, stop using the medication and contact your veterinarian.

How do I store immunotherapy oral and injectable?

• Store oral forms of immunotherapy at room temperature. 
• Store injectable forms of immunotherapy in the fridge. 
• Protect oral and injectable forms from heat, light, freezing, and moisture.
• Keep medication out of reach of children and pets.

What should I do in case of emergency?

If you suspect an overdose or an adverse reaction to the medication, call your veterinary office immediately. If they are not available, follow their directions in contacting an emergency facility. Be prepared to provide information about the product and your pet's weight and symptoms. Report any adverse effects to the FDA or Health Canada.