What is pleural effusion?
Pleural effusion refers to the abnormal accumulation of fluid within the chest cavity. The fluid is not found within the lungs, but instead within the pleural sac, essentially meaning the lungs are floating in a chest that is full of fluid. This fluid occupies space within the chest, keeping the lungs from expanding as fully as they should.
What causes pleural effusion?
Pleural effusion can have several causes. The most common causes of pleural effusion in dogs include the following:
Pyothorax. This term refers to pus within the chest cavity. A pyothorax forms as a response to a severe bacterial infection within the chest cavity, either due to a blood-borne infection or a penetrating chest wound.
Chylothorax. This term refers to the accumulation of lymphatic fluid within the chest cavity. Chylothorax occurs when lymphatic fluid, or chyle, leaks into the pleural space from a lymphatic duct that runs within the chest. Possible causes of chylothorax include trauma and increased pressure on the duct (because of heart disease or other conditions). Some cases are idiopathic, meaning that no precipitating cause can be identified.
Heart failure. When dogs experience heart failure, the heart can no longer pump fluid throughout the body as it is intended to do. This can result in the accumulation of excess fluid around the lungs.
Cancer. Tumors in the lungs or chest wall can lead to pleural effusion.
Diaphragmatic hernia. A diaphragmatic hernia refers to a defect in the diaphragm that allows abdominal organs to enter the chest cavity. Diaphragmatic hernias can be a birth defect or can be caused by trauma. The presence of abdominal organs within the chest leads to the production of fluid, resulting in pleural effusion.
Lung lobe torsion. A lung lobe torsion occurs when a lobe of the lung twists on itself, cutting off the flow of blood and oxygen to the lung. Lung lobe torsion is often associated with trauma, cancer, or chylothorax, but it can also occur spontaneously with no identifiable cause.
Hemorrhage. Bleeding within the chest cavity may occur due to trauma but can also be associated with the ingestion of anticoagulant rodenticides (rat poison) and other potential blood clotting disorders.
Your veterinarian will perform diagnostics to determine the most likely cause of your dog’s pleural effusion.
What are the clinical signs of pleural effusion?
Pleural effusion decreases the amount of space that is available for the lungs to expand within the chest cavity. Therefore, the signs of pleural effusion are related to the fact that affected dogs must work harder to breathe.
"Dogs with pleural effusion often have rapid, shallow breathing."
Dogs with pleural effusion often have rapid, shallow breathing. In some cases, you may notice increased respiratory effort – your dog’s abdomen may move significantly with each effort to draw breath. Dogs may develop open-mouthed breathing in an effort to increase airflow. Some affected dogs may also cough.
Over time, dogs may develop additional signs related to their respiratory difficulties. Lethargy, weight loss, and decreased appetite may occur as your dog begins to feel increasingly ill from the decreased oxygen intake.
How is pleural effusion diagnosed?
On physical examination, your veterinarian may notice signs that suggest pleural effusion, including pale or blue-discolored gums, labored breathing, and an increased respiratory rate. When your veterinarian uses a stethoscope to listen to your dog’s chest, he or she may observe that the heart and lung sounds are muffled by the presence of fluid within the chest.
Pleural effusion is typically diagnosed by taking radiographs (X-rays) of the chest. There are several characteristic findings on radiographs that will help your veterinarian identify the presence of pleural effusion. In some cases, ultrasound may also be used to identify pleural effusion. This is an especially effective technique when only small volumes of pleural effusion are present.
"(Ultrasound) is an especially effective technique when only small volumes of pleural effusion are present."
Thoracocentesis is typically used to diagnose the cause of the pleural effusion. In this procedure, your veterinarian will use a sterile needle to remove fluid directly from the chest cavity. This often provides immediate relief of some of the breathing difficulties associated with pleural effusion, while also providing a fluid sample that can be used for testing. The chemical parameters of the pleural fluid will be assessed and the fluid will be examined under a microscope for the presence of abnormal cells. Tests performed on the pleural fluid can help your veterinarian diagnose the cause of your dog’s pleural effusion and develop an effective treatment program.
Further testing may also be needed to diagnose the underlying cause of your dog’s pleural effusion.
How is pleural effusion treated?
In the emergency treatment of pleural effusion, dogs are often first placed into an oxygen cage. Dogs presenting for pleural effusion are often experiencing shortness of breath and decreased oxygen intake; placing them into an oxygen cage provides some degree of immediate relief and will allow your dog to calm down enough for a thorough exam and diagnostics.
In many cases, thoracocentesis is used to remove accumulated fluid. Removing the fluid that surrounds the lungs will allow your dog to breathe more readily. In some cases, a chest tube may be placed to allow repeated fluid drainage to help your dog breathe more easily.
"Removing the fluid that surrounds the lungs will allow your dog to breathe more readily."
Once your dog is stabilized, your veterinarian will begin working to determine the cause of the pleural effusion. Long-term treatment of pleural effusion varies depending on the underlying cause of the effusion.
What is the prognosis?
The prognosis varies depending on the underlying cause of the pleural effusion.
